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Bridge Resource Management (BRM) & Situational Awareness (SA)

2nd Mate

times asked: 20; times asked
questions: 4; questions
last asked: 2026; last asked

The slides, written out

AI-drawn illustration. Simplified to explain the idea, not to scale.

Slide 1 · BRIDGE

BRIDGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (BRM) & SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (SA) Safe Navigation Through Effective Teamwork

Slide 2 · WHAT IS

WHAT IS BRIDGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (BRM)? Bridge Resource Management (BRM) is the effective management and use of all available human, technical and informational resources to ensure safe navigation and the safe conduct of the voyage. CORE PRINCIPLES OF BRM EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION • Closed-loop communication • Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) TEAMWORK • Shared mental model • Mutual support • Challenge and response LEADERSHIP & ASSERTIVENESS • Speak up when safety is at risk • Balance authority with teamwork RESOURCE MANAGEMENT • People • Navigation equipment • Information • Time PEOPLE Competent and alert team EQUIPMENT Used correctly and efficiently INFORMATION Accurate, relevant and timely TIME Managed effectively KEY MESSAGE BRM shifts the mindset from: "I navigate the ship" to "WE navigate the ship safely together."

Slide 3 · SITUATIONAL

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (SA) Situational Awareness means having the right information, understanding its meaning, and anticipating what will happen next. SITUATIONAL AWARENESS HAS 3 LEVELS 1 PERCEPTION Perceiving what is happening around the ship. 2 COMPREHENSION Understanding what those observations mean. 3 PROJECTION Anticipating what will happen next. WARNING SIGNS OF LOSING SA Fixation on one display Reduced communication Surprise events Confusion Complacency Failure to cross-check information Breakdown of bridge teamwork REMEMBER Good Situational Awareness is continuously built through observation, communication and verification.

Slide 4 · HOW TO RECOVER

HOW TO RECOVER SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (SA) 1. STOP Pause before acting. 2. REASSESS • Look outside. • Check radar, ECDIS, and position. 3. CROSS-CHECK Verify using independent sources. 4. COMMUNICATE • Share observations. • Challenge respectfully if required. 5. CONFIRM Ensure the bridge team shares the same navigation plan. BRM CHECKLIST COMMUNICATE CLEARLY Ensure everyone understands. VERIFY EVERY CRITICAL ACTION Use cross-checks and confirmations. MONITOR CONTINUOUSLY Keep scanning, listening and checking. CHALLENGE UNSAFE DECISIONS Speak up for safety. BREAK THE ERROR CHAIN Small actions prevent major incidents. SAFE NAVIGATION BEGINS WITH EFFECTIVE TEAMWORK

In exams

Asked 20 times across 4 different questions, most recently in 2026. Asked most in 2nd Mate (20).

Drafted by SailR from our daily lessons. AI-drawn illustration. Simplified to explain the idea, not to scale. Last updated 19 Oct 2026.

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